Reduse Reuse Recycle Essay Example for Free

Reduse Reuse Recycle Essay All non-head material must be phrasal. This is a theoretical rather than an empirical argument! (1) *the that book Determiners dont seem to be phrasal. Determiners are HEADS. There can only be one of them in an NP (not true cross-linguistically). If there can be only one head within a phrase and all other material is supposed to be phrasal, then we face a problem here!! Possible solution: determiner is not inside the NP, but it heads its own phrasal projection (Abney 1987). 5 (2) Old view DP Hypothesis N O. k. This is a theory What about the empirical evidence? Is there any? 6 (I) Distributional properties of determiners (e. g. the behaviour of genitive (possessive) NPs) Free genitive (of-genitive) a. the roof of the building b. the hat of the man standing over there the free genitive uses the preposition of to mark the possessive relation between the two NPs. Construct or s-genitive a. the buildings roof b. [the man standing over there]s hat c. * [the man]s standing over there hat s is not a suffix! It is in complementary distribution with determiners: 7 theres the hat (cf. the hat of the man standing over there) Unlike the of-genitive, the s-genitive doesnt allow both nouns to have a determiner. Determiners like s and the are instances of the same thing! DP possessor NPA possessed DPI DP2 hat man standing over there (carnte 2002:146) 9 According to the old view, in which determiners were specifiers of NP, there is no way to generate s as a determiner and to also have the possessor NP preceding it: the man standing over there s 10 (II) Movement (Longobardi 1994, 1996) a. La mia casa  © bella. the my house is beautiful b. Casa mia  © bella. c. *La casa mia  © bella. d. *Casa la mia  © bella. The Category Article Articles: although they lack descriptive content, they contribute to the interpretation of the DP. Articles or determiners play a role in the referential properties of the DP: the choice of the definite article in association with an N indicates that we are dealing with entities (e. g. cat on the one hand, milk on the other) which are not mentioned for the first time. The definite determiner signals that the referents of the DPs are already accessible in the discourse, we know which cat and which milk we are talking about. By using the indefinite article in (8) we introduce a novel cat into the discourse: A cat was eating crisps under the table. 13 For some researchers the article is a grammatical category which in some languages gramaticalises the semantico- pragmatic notion of definiteness (e. g. Lyons 1999). Consider the following examples: a. The cat ran quickly after the mouse. b. Someone left the cat on my doorstep this morning. c. The cat was chosen by his wife. (10) a. A cat ran quickly after the mouse. b. Someone left a cat on my doorstep this morning. c. A cat was chosen by his wife.

Implementing A Nursing Dementia Care Bundle Tool Nursing Essay

Implementing A Nursing Dementia Care Bundle Tool Nursing Essay The purpose of this paper is to complete a diagnostic assessment and analysis to determine organisational readiness for an evidence-based service change linked to an action plan within Outer North East London Community Services (ONEL CS) Inpatient Unit within the London Borough of Havering. This paper will discuss how change can be achieved through completion of a diagnostic analysis. The evidence based change to be implemented and discussed in the paper, is the introduction of a Dementia Care bundle to improve dementia nursing care on the inpatient wards within Havering ONELCS. Through the use of a service improvement audit conducted within the Inpatient Unit; this paper will reflect upon the application of research methodologies that can support the diagnostic analysis; and the development and implementation of the action plan developed to achieve service innovation. The paper begins by giving the background information on the area of health care selected for review and service innovation. This will include the rationale for choosing this area, it importance and the explanation and definition of the key terms that will be used throughout the paper. The process by which the literature review was conducted will be detailed so that it could be replicated by the reader where necessary. Following on from this, the evidence pertaining to the chosen area of health care will be critically appraised to identify its merit in informing the diagnostic analysis assessment. Diagnostic analysis is the process of gathering information prior to the implementation of change, and is designed to identify the barriers and facilitators for change within an organisation; assessing organisational readiness for change (Hamilton, McLaren and Hamilton 2007). Theories and models relating to organisational change will be discussed; with the aim to informing and developing a strategy or action plan tailored to the local context for implementation. Background Dementia care is generally often overlooked on the acute inpatient hospital wards (Leung and Todd 2010). Up to 70% of acute hospital beds are occupied by older people (Department of Health (DOH) 2001; Alzheimers Society 2009). It is estimated that up to a of these patients, up to half of these patients in general acute care at any one time may have cognitive impairment including delirium and dementia (Royal College of Psychiatrists 2005). The unacceptable variation in the quality of dementia care provided on general wards in hospitals across England is well documented in numerous reports such as the Counting the Cost: Caring for people with Dementia on Hospital Wards report(Alzheimers Society 2009). The Healthcare for London: A framework for Action document (2007) and the National Audit Office report Improving services and support for people with dementia (2007), highlight the fact that services were not provided consistently well across London for people with dementia and their care rs; that people with dementia in general hospitals have worst outcomes in terms of length of stay, mortality and institutionalisation. Patients with dementia and their carers experience, have confirmed the above reports: patient feedback has highlighted an urgent need for research into care for older persons in general hospitals as is recently reported in media reports and Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman(2011) report investigating ten complaints into National Health Service(NHS) care of older people. Furthermore the National Audit Office(NOA) report (NOA 2007) provides potent evidence of the current costs of care for those with dementia diagnosis in the hospital setting; and highlights that acute general hospitals are not delivering a value for money service. As results of all this evidence the National Dementia Strategy (DOH 2009) (- a five year plan to transform dementia care) was developed by the Department of Health. It is against this backdrop that this paper was developed; to focus on the improving dementia nursing care provided on the inpatient wards by implementing a dementia nursing care bundle.. Definition of key terms: For the purpose of this paper key terms have been defined in particular the meaning of Dementia and care bundles. What is Dementia? The term dementia is used to describe a collection of symptoms, a syndrome which includes changes in memory, reasoning and communication skills, with a gradual loss of ability to carry out daily activities (Alzheimers Society 2009, Commissioning Support for London 2009; DOH 2009 NDS-a/b). There are a number of different types of dementia; with the most common being Alzheimers disease that accounts for about 60% of cases (Gupta, Fiertag and Warner 2009). The different types of dementia are outlined in Appendix one. Dementia in Havering- the local picture Dementia presents a unique challenge for London; with estimates of around 65000 people over the age of 65 in London diagnosed with dementia(Commissioning Support for London 2009); projections suggest that the number of people over 80 in London with dementia can be expected to rise by almost 50 per cent to 96000 by 2030(POPPI 2010). Dementia is an under-diagnosed condition in the London Borough of Havering. This paper focuses on improving inpatient nursing care delivered for dementia patients at St Georges Hospital. St Georges Hospital is a community hospital within Havering. Predominately for patients aged 65 and over it consists of a day hospital and 45 in-patient beds across two wards. There is one rehabilitation/assessment ward; and a stroke unit. In common with all members of the community, people with dementia can become physically unwell and require general hospital care. St Georges Hospital admits patients with dementia from the neighbouring acute hospital, Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospital NHS Trust. Demographic changes and an ageing population in Havering mean there will be a disproportionate increase in the common conditions of old age, such as cancer, stroke, and dementia. A Freedom of Information (FOI) Request revealed that the estimated number of people with dementia is 1015. this represents 0.4% of all registered General Practitioner population and is below the national average of 1.1%. This figure is anticipated to rise and as is outlined by Appendix two. The evidenced based change to be introduced is a nursing dementia care bundle with the aim of improving the nursing care provided on the inpatient wards. What Is A Care Bundle? A care bundle is an evidence based protocol (Resar, Pronovost and Haraden, Simmonds, Rainey and Nolan 2005). Successfully used in Critical Care; it is a collection of interventions (usually three to five) that may be applied to the management of a particular condition (Fulbrook, and Mooney 2003, Resar, Pronovost Harden et al 2005; Belt 2006). The theory behind care bundles is that when several evidence-based interventions are grouped together in a single protocol, it will improve patient outcome (Resar, Pronovost and Haraden, et al 2005). The concept of care bundles was introduced by the NHS Modernisation Agency (DOH 2004) and continues to be fully supported by the Department of Health. A heavy reliance on the use of care bundles is evidenced the development and recent review of High Impact Interventions in reducing Healthcare Associated Infections by the Department of Health(DOH 2010). Although most specialities are using care bundles for the dementia care they are relatively a new concept. It is expected that by grouping dementia related evidence based practices or interventions together, within a single protocol that guides patient management, the overall quality of care nursing care delivered to dementia patients will improve. A dementia nursing care bundle has been developed by the Royal Wolverhampton Hospitals NHS Trust, through a freedom of Information (FOI) Request (Appendix three); a copy was requested and was to be locally adapted for the inpatient unit at St Georges Hospital ONELCS-Havering. Method of Searching for Literature An electronic search of the literature was undertaken on dementia care on hospital wards on the 30th of January 2011. Using an Athens NHS Log in details and advanced search of healthcare databases using the  Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) was completed. Appendix four outlines how literature was identified and selected for appraisal. Literature Review: The evidenced based change to be introduced is a nursing dementia care bundle with the aim of improving the nursing care provided on the inpatient wards. The current health care policy context and recent national reports along with initiatives, have recognised the need to improve care in hospitals on general wards; these include the Lord Darzi report, High Quality Care for all (DOH 2008); the National Service Framework for Older People'(DOH) and the National Institute of Clinical Excellence(NICE) dementia clinical guidelines(NICE/Social Care Institute of Excellence(SCIE) 2006). Increasingly there has been a move towards a more focused attention on dementia care in the acute setting (Alzheimers Society 2009). Delivering nursing care for people with dementia is a challenging (Borbasi , Jones , Lockwood and Emden 2006) and stressful task (Cunningham and Archibald 2006). Behaviours associated with dementia include wandering, agitation, aggression and resistance to care (Prtichard and Dewing 2001, Cunningham 2006, Cordwell 2010). It is expected that these behaviours will change with time however this is dependent on the type of dementia (Insel and Badger 2002). As a patients dependency increases, their care becomes more complex and demands more direct nursing time for both patients, relatives and or carer(Cunningham 2006). Given the challenges of caring for patients with dementia and their at most time their inability to communicate care needs or report concerns about care, they are at risk of suboptimal care, neglect, or abuse(Ballard, Fossey, Chithramohan, Howard, Burns, Thompson, Tadros and Fairbairn 2001, Ouldred and Roberts 2004, Sturdy 2010). This can leave nurses experiencing stress wh en trying to respond to such behaviour (Burgess and Page 2003). Following on from this, researchers (Cunningham and Archibald 2006, James and Hodnett 2009) write that the rapid nature and capacity demands of general hospital care; the focus of care is strongly geared towards treating acute medical problems, discharging patients and meeting the demands of the service such as staffing levels, fast turnover of patients; these alone present challenges to nursing staff in the hospital environment. Patients with dementia may find this difficult to conform and adapt to rapid treatment protocols and to a dominant culture of curing the patient(Archibald 2002, 2003); for example they may find the regular ward moves confusing; the busy, noisy clinical wards frightening and stressful for people with dementia; adversely affecting how they behave (Schofield and Dewing 2001, Cunningham and Christie 2009, Dewing 2009). Cunningham (2006) goes so far as to suggest that dementia patients can feel disempowered, infantilized and intimidated; and the likelihood of thi s increases in busy hospital settings. What is clear is that the hospital staff; faced with the challenges of decreasing length of stay statistics, creating capacity, meeting other performance targets dementia patients present a challenge to nursing staff; leaving them at risk of receiving sub-optimal care. Sub-optimal care- for someone who is frail and vulnerable with a dementia diagnosis, and needing additional time and support from nursing staff, with perhaps displaying behavior which is not perceived as normal by staff, can be seen as difficult(Cunningham 2006). Norman (2006) found that nurses perceptions of the person with dementia were central to whether their experience was positive or negative in hospitals settings. A study conducted by the Alzheimers Society (2009) reported that almost nine out of ten respondents working with dementia patients do not have enough time to spend with patients and provide one to one care. Nolan (2006, 2007) and Cordwell(2010) recognize that although nurses strive to provide optimum care they find that practically day to day- this is not always achievable. It is interesting that Archibald (2006a, 2006b) in his work noted that outcomes for dementia patients are usually poor, they note that nutrition, hydration, pain management, communication needs a re often overlooked. Other studies confirm that dementia patients have the worst outcomes in relation to length of stay and mortality(Sampson, Gould and Lee 2006, Sampson, Blanchard and Jones 2009) Whilst this is not surprising, the Parliamentary and Health Ombudsman report (2011)Care and Compassion found similar outcomes for in their report on ten investigations into NHS care of older people. Fennessy (2007) writes that this should be expected as dementia care is often carried out in general hospital settings and not in designated dementia units where specialist knowledge is available to help manage these challenges effectively. Furthermore, a lack of knowledge and understanding among nurses on how to respond to dementia-related challenging behaviour is also likely to contribute to the provision of sub-optimal care (Fennessey 2007). Packer (2001) suggests that few staff understand what dementia is and how to cope with the behaviour that can ensue. The primary aim of this work is to support frontline staff in changing practice-improving dementia care delivered within the inpatient unit by introducing a dementia care bundle. Completing a diagnostic analysis will identify barriers and facilitators to implementing this tool. METHODOLOGY NICE (2007) guidance on changing practice, suggests that a number of methods can be used to assess barriers to change. They suggest that a choice of methods should be based upon local context, resources and the number of staff(NICE 2007). Previous studies (Pollock, Legg, Langhorne and Sellars 2000; Davis, Jamison , Brumley, Engu and Danos 2006; Solomons,and Spross 2011) in their work exploring barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence based change; utilising diagnostic analysis identified a mixed methods approach to be of benefit in planning for successful implementation of the planned change. Following on from this Solomons and Spross (2011) write that the chosen method should be valid and reliable; the choice of model will depend mostly on what the target for change is and the group involved in changing (Lewin 1951, Bennis, Benne and Chinn 1985, Haffer 1986). The mixed method approach was therefore chosen for this diagnostic analysis. The premise behind the use of both qualitative and quantitative methods would allow the researcher to best answer the research question or problem(Andrew and Halcomb 2009); specifically for this paper, it would allow the researcher to capture the multiple realities and the various individual staff perspectives that made up the social situation of dementia care at the Trust. The notion of multiple realities was important in this work (Lincoln and Guba 1985), the use of a mixed methodology, would allow the researcher to capture the views of both the powerful stakeholders/decision makers as well as the frontline staff. Furthermore it had the potential to add breadth, rigor and credibility (Cresswell 2002/2009). Cresswell, Vicki and Clark (2011) write that mixed method designs combine the benefits of qualitative methods and quantitative methods to create a more complete picture. The study received Audit approval from the ONEL CS Audit department as well as sign off by the Associate Director of Operations Havering. Three data collection methods were used: as part of the triangulation of data, documentary analysis was conducted; focus groups was held along with a questionnaire, that was circulated to all staff involved with dementia care at the 2 inpatient wards at St Georges Hospital Documentary analysis: Documentary analysis was completed on six authentic, verifiable Trust documents in the public domain to obtain evidence on supporting evidence-based practice, clinical effectiveness, organisational priorities and quality outcomes. The range of documents analysed included the ONEL CS Monthly Board report for December 2010, ONELCS Trust profile online, Havering Primary Care Trust (PCT) Human Resources and Organisational development strategy(2005-2008);ONELCS Clinical Audit and Policy strategy(2009), Havering PCT Education Training and Development Strategy( 2008-2011) and the ONEL CS five-year vision for health service delivery-Intergrated Business plan(2009-2014). Documentary data was abstracted and analysed thematically. Focus groups: Focus groups were used to elicit the views and experiences of professional staff who would be affected by changes in implementing the dementia care bundle. Andrew and Halcomb(2009) write that focus groups can capture the particularities and breadths of opinions about a particular topic; and are useful as they provide the social context of how opinions are formulated. The participants, eight staff with strategic or operational accountability for aspects of inpatient care were purposively sampled. In attendance was a Ward Manager, Modern Matron, Medical Senior House Officer, Practice Development Lead, Physiotherapist and 3 ward- based staff nurses. The focus group focused on organisational culture, dementia assessment, and documentation. The focus group schedule was semi- structured, containing sequential questions exploring staff experiences caring for dementia patients from the time of admission to discharge, focusing on care processes, satisfaction with care delivered, activities of daily living, physical problems/challenges encountered, and the awareness of these potential problems on assessment. The focus group was tape-recorded and transcribed with the permission of the participants, and analysed thematically. Questionnaire The study population consisted of 90 staff members who regularly participated in the care of dementia patients. This included registered nurses, nursing health care assistants, clinical administration staff and inpatient therapy staff. The questionnaire chosen for this work used was the approved Approaches to Dementia Questionnaire developed by Lintern, Woods Phair (2000); a Likert-type instrument with 19 items. The ADQ measures hopefulness and person-centered approaches. The ADQ questions were graded on a Likert scale of response alternatives including: strongly agree, agree, uncertain, disagree and strongly disagree. A copy of the questionnaire is included in appendix five. The ADQ is made up of two domains: the hope attitude items and the person -centred attitude items (Lintern 2001). The hope attitude items were measured with eight questions, whereas the person-centred caring attitude items were measured with 11 questions. The dimension of hope is made up of questions relating to the participants thoughts about characteristic disease-related features, for example there is no hope for people with dementia, or dementia sufferers are sick and need to be looked after. A person-centred attitude was indicated by a response in the positive to questions such as It is important for people with dementia to have stimulating and enjoyable activities to occupy their time and people with dementia are more likely to be contented when treated with understanding and reassurance. Questionnaires, with an accompanying memorandum, were then sent to the Ward Managers to distribute the memorandum to staff, who were directly involved in the daily care of persons with dementia; including administration staff. The memorandum outlined the aim of the project, provided brief information about the aims of the questionnaire. The questionnaires were collected after two weeks. Reminder letters were sent to non-respondents with another copy of the questionnaire. Results Data Analysis The researcher took an interpretative approach to analyse the data for themes (Grbich 2007). Following verbatim transcription of the focus groups, each transcript was read several times to determine what is going on here. That is, what meanings, values and intentions were coming through and what competing or alternative perspectives are being put forward? The Data were then classified into themes. Results Documentary analysis: three themes were identified: 1. Innovative forward thinking organisation 2. Staff training, development and empowerment 3. Improving patient health and care Theme one Innovative forward thinking organisation The ONELCS Trust Profile on online provides a clear and concise vision; ONELCS clearly pride themselves as forward thinking and innovative; this is noted in their Integrated Business Plan and online profile, so much so that the organisation is described as: In our view ONEL CS is an exemplar of a community provider organisation. It is believed that this ethos benefits both patients and staff; with delivering quality care to patients at the heart of the organisation. Theme two Staff training, development and empowerment A strong emphasis on staff training and development was identified in all the documents analysed, explicit commitment to training and development was demonstrated in all documents reviewed. A high profile was given to education as part of continuing professional development, and explicit links were made between education and improved patient care. Education was also presented as creating a positive environment that would improve staff recruitment. ONELCS is committed to involving staff engagement in shaping the organisation and ensuring improvements in patient care. Valuing people involves developing education, training and career pathways that focus on individual as well as organisational need and demonstrate an appreciation of the staff and the vital role they have in ensuring quality services. (Organisational Development and Human Resources Strategy 2005-2008) Strategically the Trust publicly shows its support from board level to ensuring all staff have equal access to training and development opportunities to meet the requirements of the Knowledge and Skills Framework. This commitment to the ethos of lifelong learning is demonstrated in their Training and development policys the online Trust profile. Again staff development is linked to delivering and developing a quality service for patients: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It should enable the Trust to deliver its strategic aims and objectives, through a workforce and organisation that is competent, motivated and confident to continuously learn, change and develop in order to deliver high quality and responsive patient care and services. (Education, Training and Development Strategy 2008-2011) While there was clear support for education and training none was demonstrated for research and research development. Theme three Improving patient health and care The Integrated Business Plan (2009-2011) ONELCS shows a commitment to Improving patient health and care; it hasà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ always been our priority. Our vision is that ONELCS will be an independent organisation that delivers consistent and excellent healthcare, proven to be safe and effective. The organisation emonstrates that it supports evidence-based practice and initiatives identifying opportunities to change practice and to improve the quality of patient care. The Clinical Audit Policy (ONEL CS 2009)is concise in describing the organisations objectives: It is the responsibility of all health professionals to critically review their work to ensure care is given according to the best available evidence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.The Objectives for 2009-2011 are: Ensure that audit results lead to changes in clinical practice and inform policy and training needs. Focus groups Four themes were identified: dementia knowledge and skills, attitude towards dementia patients and organisational change- constant change at the Trust Theme one: dementia knowledge: skills and assessments Lack of knowledge and understanding about dementia and the needs of dementia was strong theme. Both qualified and unqualified staff (HCSW and RGN) expressed: I am not even sure what having dementia meansà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.are there different types of dementia Staff commented that they had not received dementia specific training The assessment of dementia patients was fragmented, separately documented, and lacked cohesion. Medical staff in their patient clerking- noted a diagnosis; nursing and therapy staff in their individual initial assessments noted dementia diagnosis. One Registered Nurse asked the following: do we actually provide personalised dementia care that we can evidence; for example in our care plans? Currently the teams have no specific dementia documentation such as care plans for dementia care. The medical teams utilise The Abbreviated Mental Test( Hodkinson 1972) whilst the therapy teams utilise the Mini Mental State Examination(Folstein, Folstein and McHugh 1975) validated assessment tools Furthermore the staff felt that the teams could have specialist links with the community mental health teams to obtain specialist training and assessments and to develop dementia champions. Theme two: Multidisciplinary working Staff expressed the multidisciplinary team working was not working well and would impact on improving dementia care. Staff present at the focus group, acknowledged that comprehensive multidisciplinary working did not occur, The level of multidisciplinary working varies, they could work better on the for dementia patients'(registered nurse) Lack of communication was highlighted as a major issues as part of multidisciplinary working, with mixed views expressed :the nursing staff expressed that .. Its hard keeping track of patients, theres no dedicated Dementia care pathway, thats the problem, if there was a specific pathway/guidance it would be so much easier for all staff to liaise with therapists and other professionalsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Theme three: Organisational change Participants expressed that organisation changes were most recently frequent and difficult to understand; the concept of Change fatigue came to mind. Currently the organisation has a new management structure, at present the inpatient wards are participating in an consultation with reduction in substantive posts Staff do not feel they are involved in current management decisions Staff expressed that there was limited communication and moral amongst staff was very low; furthermore, shortages of nursing staff were evident. we do not know what is going on Too many changes at present and these are poorly communicated first TUPE transfer to NELFT, then Reducing managing costs consultation, now inpatient reduction beds consultation all within 3 monthsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. No one listens to usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦staffing levels are being reduced and we cannot provide the care we want to The general consensus from participants was that the Trust responded positively to change and that this was a constant feature of working in the NHS. Staff are open to change and understand that change is the nature of the NHS Many exemplars of well-managed change were cited, including the implementation of the Productive Ward Series, where staff were fully involved in the programme. Key characteristics of these changes were good communication, planning, involvement of staff, and training provided prior to implementation. Questionnaires: A total of 90 questionnaires were distributed. Initially, there were 33 respondents (36.7%), however, this rose to 43.3% after the reminder memorundum was sent (n = 39). Hence, a total of 39 (43.3%) respondents were included in the study. Thirty of the respondents (76.9%) were clinical staff, 4 (10.3%) were Non clinical administration staff and 5 (12.8%) respondents did not identify their role. . Hope attitude Items Where the positive hope attitude was obvious, more staff members selected it and this is evident in the response to statement 5- Nothing can be done for people with dementia, except for keeping them clean and comfortable where 62.9% of the respondents strongly disagreed. However when it was not so obvious, there emerged a variety of responses. Consider the statement People with dementia are unable to make decisions for themselves; a variety of responses are obtained. People with dementia are unable to make decisions for themselves Answer Options Response Percent 1 strongly disagree 25.7% 2 disagree 25.7% 3 neither agree nor disagree 25.7% 4 agree 14.3% 5 strongly agree 8.6% dont know 0.0% answered question skipped question This is a similar outcome for the remaining 7 hope attitude questions. With the remaining 7 of the questions, almost equal numbers of respondents agreed or disagreed with hope and non-hope approaches. Consider the question Dementia sufferers are sick and need to be looked after- are dementia sufferers sick? And in what sense are they sick? Those questions pose a dilemma and therefore it is not surprising that the respondents show this in the data below. Dementia sufferers are sick and need to be looked after Answer Options Response Percent 1 strongly disagree 17.1% 2 disagree 17.1% 3 neither agree not disagree 20.0% 4 Agree 14.3% 5 Strongly agree 31.4% dont know 0.0% answered question skipped question This again demonstrates the lack of consistency in the choices of approach, with some choosing the best considered approach and some not. It also highlights a need for further development of understanding and knowledge of the best available approach to caring for those with dementia as almost half the respondents agreed or strongly agreed the non-hope items for each of these questions. This indicated that staff have some knowledge and ability in delivering dementia positive care, but that this is usually only evident where this is a clear option. When it is a less obvious choice, some dilemmas are raised. The hope attitude items are characteristics of disease related features;, the responses suggest that indeed, some staff may have limited specific dementia care awareness and skills or perhaps there are areas of practice or experience that gives them some understanding of the dementia; it is remains clear that there is a gap in their knowledge. This supports the premise that more learning is required. Person Centred Attitude Items Responses to 9 out of the 11 person centred attitude items were strongly positive; and as they were obvious the responses were selected by most staff members. The questions raised issues of trying to maintain independence, choice and dignity while attending to physical care needs and managing the care. The responses suggest that as these were standards of caret hat healthcare staff strive for, in their day to day practice; however these are aspects of

The Role Of The Art Director Film Studies Essay

The Role Of The Art Director Film Studies Essay A firm and imagined set helps to bring forth a good visual and a better output. This is to the desire of the person who is putting up a set and what does it mean and how does it help him as many cannot be done without the help of sets. When coming to how I chose this topic is simple, everyone gets a shiver when we see some of the greatest movies of all times and the sets which they use in those are the ones which brings the environment and finish to the film as and when there are no sets and we want a finish a set is the most competent one and gives life to the stars surroundings and the entire output. This is why I had chose my topic as a cinema set as these have been around for most of a century and continuous and keeps growing vast in size and importance and with at most popularity where we can have a set of cave than going and finding a real one. This is a topic which has inspired me to create my own set for the short film I have shot and the set is the most important aspect of t he whole film as it deals with various periods of the cine time and how it changes due to the ongoing changes in time and people. The set has been made in a manner to resemble an old street feel in of the late 50s and how it went about the later decades and it has changed according to cinema and personnel. Some when seen has a spark and we would like to take another look at it cause of its structure and the glow its gives out and feel it resembles to be. This is the main aspect of the set as it creates a whole new being to the stage where the actors perform and it helps to bring out the best in them by giving out a specialness in the whole frame and that to it can be done only when the set is put with the likeness of how it should look or the way it has been imagined for the right kind of story and how do we get the best of it and to make sure it has been put up well and to be in frame in the right kind and not to be undefined as a not good. This is all into the art of a set how it is imagined and put up for the right kind of shoot and important it suits all aspects from dressing to the smallest detail as without a set there is no background and this takes us to the very beginning to show a set is important than all. ART DIRECTORS and their WORK: When we go to see a film to the theater, are we aware of the fact and truth that every single aspect of the set has been carefully designed by an art director and his conceptions. They are the ones that develop concepts and review the entire material that appears in films and theaters, and they are the ones who ultimately decide how to present the performance, so it is awe/eye-catching, gracefully appealing and captivating to all the audiences present.  The art directors happen to organize and direct the most technical and artistic part of aspects of motion pictures, live stage productions and day to day television shows by designing proper sets, matching costumes, correct furnishings and props to create an accurate portrayals and resemblance of various time periods and decade settings. These art directors are the ones responsible for the overall look and proper presentation of films, live television shows and live stage productions. They do have a very strong sense of vision and e nduring style. However as to them their jobs can vary much greatly depending on the type of medium they work with.   An art directors first and foremost job is to read the script or screenplay and to know on what period it is. Once they get to know the proper material, then they begin to do extended research about the time period in which a live stage play or film is set. If the set time period is of the present day, then their work is not too difficult and they can improvise on it. But however if a film is set in Queen Elizabethan times and Mughals period, the art director must go through and read history books about the past time period, by most possibly visit the various museums and art galleries on them to learn about the dress fashions, furniture and architecture of the time period. This is a bit very important because a film about the Queen Elizabethan period must be sort of accurate, to believable and have the proper costumes, props and other set design elements. If the art director is not careful and an extra artist is wearing an outfit/costume from a different period, then the audiences an d film critics could criticize the film for not being properly researched and looked upon. And finally, the art director also has to oversee the costume and dress design, props and setting designs to make sure that they portray the proper time period realistically and accordingly.    The art directors have to do everything behind the scenes and they consult with the film directors, film producers and production managers about all aspects of a work they have to do and how it has to be done. They must also make sure that they meaning the cost is to staying within of the film companys budget when purchasing props, proper set designs and other special effects items which have been asked for. Art directors bring the imagined stories to life existence through the visual components and art work. They work with the films technical directors and other crew members to plan films camera angles and set lighting to start with their work.   In the films, due to the explosion and outbreak of animation, vfx and technological special effects in many types of fantasy and adventure kind of genres, art directors are hired to supervise the animators, clay animation designers and various makeup artists. Now art directors work closely with crew members not only of their team but of others, giving advice and instructions. In each and every scene, art directors must work with the film director to plan the shots framing and frame, composition of the frame and camera involvement and movement. These kind of process takes a very long and painful time and makes movie-making process seem less glamorous than the other professions.   In the theaters, art directors also prepare various plays for production. They do have to arrange all the details coming on the stage as per settings and to all other stage effects. Art directors then consult with set designers, various props artists, their costume designers, dance choreographers and stagehand managers in the number of weeks before the production stage comes to in order to make sure that everyone is working and proceeding towards the play directors vision and proper interpretation of the play. During the rehearsals, art managing directors work very closely with people behind the screen labors to ensure a proper output. Every little or small detail is to be of a large detail in the art directors eyes and point of view. What Does an Art Director Do? An art director is someone who traditionally undertakes the direction of the production designer, and surrounds all the altering of the setting and missing settings of the scene. This means that they only design and then alter the set so that it will and would appear as how the director intends in their imagined vision. They will begin by a basic meeting with the director and getting a very clear idea of what they want and how they want everything to look like. After that and all the art director will add many creative designs and basic sketches as to how the set will be dressed, finished and altered so that the appearance fits within the directorial vision of the director. All things in this stage will be the main responsibility of the art director has to take every small change to account. Visit Locations: The very first thing that a successful and most wanted art director must do is to go to the  shooting location  and see what they are dealing with and how. If the film director wants the inside of a bedroom to look like an old brick alley there may be no option for the art director but to create a new one. They will have consider to see how they can take the given amount of location and alter it in a better way that will continue directorial vision of the director. He has to take a look at the space, available electrical supply, and all objects in the general area aspects. Production Stills: Production stills are going to be the other most important function of the art director in his process. What this happens to mean is that the art director is going to be taking pictures throughout the production time, that is of the set and actors and the crew doing their work and its process. These production stills end up filling a few functions for the director. First, they document the art production as it is happening for their company books and other film documents. These can be used to get an extra funding, that is especially if you create an  internalHYPERLINK http://www.brighthub.com/multimedia/video/articles/28851.aspx presence in the set and can use some more. Second, the pictures of the lead cast can be used for post promotional purposes that later on which helps in good manner. Third, these photos are very crucial since they will not only indicate exactly where all the props and set dressings and were in every take or shot so they can be moved back to their original an d proper location within the story space allotted for them. VARIOUS FIELDS OF AN ART DIRECTOR: An art director is in the most hierarchical structure of a film art department works directly only below the production designer and production manager, and above the set designers and set decorators. A total of large part of their duties that include the administrative aspects of the art department and management of their sets. They are responsible for properly assigning tasks to their personnel, and keeping track of the whole art department budget and scheduling of work completion, as well as overall quality control of the setting and props.Various artists may create or develop some specific parts of an art piece or scene; but a sole part of art director unifies the vision. In particular, that the art director is in charge of the overall visual and set appearance and how it  communicates visually in the output, stimulating moods, contrasts color features, and psychologically appealing to a target audience. The art director makes his decisions about the visual elements used, on wh at artistic  style  to use, and  how and when to use motion. It is one of the most and very difficult problems that all art directors face is to translate the desired moods, new messages, new concepts, and the underdeveloped ideas into imagery. During the brainstorming and thinking process, art directors, coworkers, and the clients are engaged in imagining what the finished piece or scene might look like and their desire. At most times, an art director is the ultimate responsible for all solidifying the vision of the collective imagination while resolving conflicting agendas, concepts and inconsistencies between the various and all individual inputs and outputs. IN ADVERTISING: Though despite the title, an  advertising  type of art director isnt necessarily the one head of an art department. In modern advertising forums practice, an art director is who typically works in tandem with a  copywriter and gives the output. The team usually and mostly works together to devise an overall concept that is also known as the big idea for the ad, commercial, magazine, mailer, brochure, or other advertisement forums. The copywriter is the one responsible for the textual and script content, the art director is for the visual aspects. But the A.D. may or can come up with the headline or other copy of the output, and the copywriter can or may suggest a visual or the aesthetic or desired approach on his touch. Each person usually may welcomes suggestions and other constructive criticism from the others. Ideally these words and visual should not or may not parrot each other; each should and can enhance or enlarge the others meaning and aspect and its main effect. Art directors and copywriter teams working methods vary, but that the copywriter is more involved in many processes of gathering all information from the client or account executive and other personnel, while the art director, who is usually less skilled according to the ads, remains more involved through proper production period. At the most extreme, a writer is what might simply submit a hand-written text copy and ask strategic instructors to the art director to complete, who then contributes the visual aspects of the final text output. If this part of irony is true, the only immortal success of this approach may be due in part been as widely held the greatest and best advertising print ever of an art director who ever lived. The ability to make, formulate and communicate, and syllabify the message, to rather than simply stylize it with colors, is one of the best qualities that distinguishes an expert art director from a graphic designer. These two professions always overlap in what is known as  communication design in the one media, with individuals those fulfilling both roles at the same time or but in alternating between roles. Although to a good art director that which is expected is to have  a graphic design  state to a judgment and least technical knowledge of the production, it can or may not be necessary for an art director to  handle a render  or even be able to draw as of now that which is virtually all but the most preliminary work is done on computer. Except in the smaller of organizations, the art director and copywriter team is to be overseen by a  creative director,  a senior media creative, a chief creative director. In such a large organization, an art director may only over see other art directors and that a team of junior  level designers,  level image developers  and/or  production level artists, and their coordinates with a separate form of production department. In these smaller organizations, the art director may fill all these roles completing all including oversight of printing and other production quality works. IN FILM: In films an art director is in the  hierarchical  structure of a proper film art department, who works directly below only of the  production designer, that is in collaboration with the set decorator, and above the  set designer available. A very large part of their duties includes the administrative aspects of the  art department and output. They are mainly responsible for assigning all tasks to  personnel, keeping all track of the art departments budget and scheduling of process and outputs, as well as overall quality control as per time. They are often also a proper liaison to other departments; especially the  construction department as they are the ones who help in putting up the sets. In the past, the art directors title was used to denote as the head of the art department and hence the  Academy Award for Best Art Direction. Example :On the movie Gone with the Wind they had such a significant role in the look of the film, that the title of Art Director was not s ufficient for the works and process, and so the title of Production Designer came up being. The title has become more and very common, and now the Production Designer is commonly used as the head of the Art Department, although this title actually and only implies control overall and every visual aspect of a film, including costumes and props. IN PUBLISHING: Art directors in publishing  typically work with the publications  editors and top personnel. Together all they work on a proper concept for each section and pages of the publication. Individually only the art director is mostly responsible for all the visual look and feel of the publication or magazine, and the editor has the ultimate responsibility for the publications verbal and textual content.

W.B. Yeats: Nationalistic Reflection in His Poetry Essay -- Yeats Poet

W.B. Yeats: Nationalistic Reflection in His Poetry William Butler Yeats was an Irish poet, dramatist, and prose writer who was one of most influential poets of the Twentieth century. His talents were celebrated by scholars and activists and, in 1923, Yeats received the Nobel Prize for literature. Through his poetry, Yeats confronted the reality that felt was Oppression and Heartship for himself and his Irish brethren. Armed only with a pen, parchment, and a dissident tongue, Yeats helped to ignite the Powderkeg that was Ireland in the early twentieth century. Yeats was born in Dublin, Ireland, In 1865. His father was a lawyer turned into a painter, and thus his son inherited the creative (and unconventional) genes. Most of Yeats’ childhood was spent in London, where he attended the Godolphin School. At age fifteen, he attended Erasmus Smich School, in Dublin, where he studied are for three years, concentrating devoutly on literature, finding his outlet for expressing his dissident sentiments towards British rule. From the dawning of recorded history, it seems as though Ireland has been divided by a more powerful entity. Ireland, all and parts, at various times, was a colony governed by English rule. From the late middle-ages, it was a kingdom, under the same monarch as England, but a separate kingdom. In law and practice, however, the Irish government was usually subordinate to the English government. The saga continues; Ireland’s dispute in later years was not only pertaining to land ownership, but also religious freedom, as most English are Protestant, and most Irish are Roman Catholic. The conflict between Catholicism and Protestantism played a large part in the Seventeenth century to the present. The Irish litera... ...er Yeats, it is a clear depiction of his nationalistic sentiments as well as his poetic style. If anything of value can be extracted from this paper, understand that Yeats was not a staunch right wing activist who sought revolution; neither was he a conservative who simply prayed for social order in Ireland. He was a talented individual who cultivated his talents to produce change in the country he loved so dearly. Perhaps that is what makes Yeats so special; he took his gift and gave it to the world. Works Cited Hogan, Patrick, "Colonialism and the problem of identity in Irish literature.," Vol. 23, College Literature, 10-01-1996, pp 163. Saul, George Brandon; Ferrar, Harold., "Irish Literature.," Vol. 13, Colliers Encyclopedia CD-ROM, 02-28-1996. Yeats, William Butler., "Poetry of William Butler Yeats: Critical Commentary.," Monarch Notes, 01-01-1963.

Sympathy to the Young and Negativity to the Adults in the film Stand By Me :: essays research papers

The Director of the film â€Å" Stand By Me† invites us to sympathize with younger people whilst portraying adults in a negative manner. Discuss. The film â€Å"Stand By Me† invites us to sympathize with younger people. The movie tells the story of four young boys Teddy, Vern, Gordy and Chris. The movie is based around the character of Gordy who relives the events of their past years through his writing, Gordy is criticized by his family because they want him to be like his older brother Danny who died in a car accident. Teddy who has had some trouble in the past with his Father is sympathized against as the son of a loony. Vern is shown sympathy towards the fact that he is so emotionally immature and vulnerable. You and particularly feel sympathy towards Chris due to his families horrible reputation when Chris would like to be known as his own person. Their adventure began and ended in two completely different levels of maturity for all of the boys. â€Å" We knew exactly who we were and exactly where we were going.† Gordy is the main protagonist in this film he tells the story of their adventure to find Ray Browler’s dead body when they were 12 years old. Gordy was always compared to his older brother Danny his parents were continually paying more attention to Danny than Gordy, they seemed to care more about Danny’s football career than Gordy’s outstanding writing. When Gordy’s brother Danny died his parents could not seem to move on. â€Å" †¦four months after Danny’s death my parents still haven’t been able to put the pieces back together.† Gordy’s parents placed pressure on Gordy to make him feel partially responsible for Danny’s death, they were always pushing him to be more like Danny, especially when he was gone. They were unhappy with his friends and his attitude toward life. â€Å"Why can’t you have friends like Danny’s? Their alright Dad. What? A thief and two feiebs?† Gordy is sympathized against due to the fact that he was 12 and had such a large amount of responsibility and pressure on his shoulders and such a young age. Teddy was the mysterious quarter of the group, always wanting to risk his life in dangerous stunts. Teddy was always out to prove something, he tried to dodge a train that was speeding toward him, until Chris pulled him out of the way.

Pestel Framework Essay

The political environment (Refer Section 1 in Appendix 01) does not favour Fonterra’s operating environment with heavy control over milk powder pricing. Political figureheads at times lead the public to perceive that multinational dairies are working towards destroying the local dairy industry. With the ending of a 26-year old war within the country there is stability in the political environment which in normal cases encourages foreign investment. However the government’s policies and tight regulations towards foreign investment and trade, creates an unfavourable environment for operating multinationals like Fonterra. Noted. In the economic front (Refer section 2 in Appendix01), with base commodity prices being reliant on global trends and heavy fluctuations on exchange rates, budgeting for the purchase of full cream and skim milk from New Zealand proves difficult with currency fluctuations most often surpassing budgeted variances. Subsidies by the government to selected local dairy companies also give unfavourable advantage to them over Fonterra. Socially, similar to world trends, the aging population in the country has opened up new opportunity for Fonterra to move in with its Anlene product, coincidentally at a time when mature markets like full cream milk come under heavy smear campaigns with global issues such as the melamine scare in China. Such incidents create negative perception on all powdered milk products that not only impact short term sales figures but also tarnish the brand loyalty Fonterra has established throughout the years (refer section 3 of Appendix01). When we analyse technological trends and their implications on Fonterra (Refer section 4 in Appendix01), many technological improvements ranging from foraging, nutrition, and flavouring to packaging, has influenced Fonterra to create its own biotechnology subsidiary called ViaLactia Biosciences, working on identifying, discovering and commercialising genes that affect pasture grasses, milk production and milk composition. One such discovery was the response to bone decay known as Osteoporosis that most ging populations of the world are facing. By combining bone strengthening nutrients like Calcium, Zinc, Protein and Magnesium, Fonterra was able to create the brand Anlene. Environmental influences on Fonterra’s strategy are discussed in detail in section 5 of Appendix01. Government sponsored environmental schemes both globally and locally such as deployment of Emission Trading Schemes (ETS) and application of Afforestation Grants Scheme (AGS) increases Fonterra operational costs by having to monitor their greenhouse emissions. Fonterra has to include many green initiatives in to their strategy ranging from simple measures such as waste water treatment to more far-reaching methods like emission trading schemes to forestry provisioning. In addition the trend to move towards more renewable energy globally would drive the energy costs higher for Fonterra. On legislative front (Refer section 6 in Appendix01), Fonterra plans and operates under strict legislative framework governed by many authorities both globally and locally as content claims on dairy product are heavily scrutinised. Furthermore, products such as Anchor 1+ that cater to infant nutrition require additional measures due to their sensitive nature throughout their lifecycle from production to transportation. Any mishap on the part of a multinational such as Fonterra can lead to a product recall. Therefore additional operational costs have to be borne in maintaining hygiene in areas such as production, packaging, storage and transportation. Refer Appendix01 for a detailed analysis on current industry trends and implications to Fonterra. An extremely good analysis.

Urban Renewal

What is Urban renewal? Discuss the issues and strategies of urban renewal of a state capital. Urban renewal is a program of land re-development in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. It can be envisaged as the physical and infrastructural changes in land use, built environment or intensity of the use of land or building that could be considered as inevitable outcome of the action from economic, social, political, technical and environmental forces acting upon urban areas at different times of its existence.It is a program designed to help communities improve and revitalize areas that have deteriorated, are unsafe and/ or show signs of economic or physical conditions that are detrimental to the community as a whole. Urban renewal could be in the form of: -Physical change: Part of land is developed as a multistory building. -Infrastructural change: widening of roads, introduction of metro-rail, etc. -Change in land use: function of building changes, keeping the structure same eg residential to commercial -Change in built form: increase in no. of storeys. Change in environment: congestion on road cleared, trees planted , garbage removed, etc. In the second half of the 20th century, renewal often resulted in the creation of urban sprawl and vast areas of cities being demolished and replaced by freeways and expressways, housing projects, and vacant lots, some of which still remain vacant at the beginning of the 21st century. Urban renewal's effect on actual revitalization is a subject of intense debate. It is seen by proponents as an economic engine, and by opponents as a regressive mechanism for enriching the wealthy at the expense of taxpayers and the poor.It carries a high cost to existing communities, and in many cases resulted in the destruction of vibrant—if run-down —neighborhoods. Urban renewal in its original form has been called a failure by many urban planners and civic leaders, and has since been reformulated with a focus on r edevelopment of existing communities. Over time, urban renewal evolved into a policy based less on destruction and more on renovation and investment, and today is an integral part of many local governments, often combined with small and big business incentives.But even in this adapted form, Urban Renewal projects are still widely accused of abuse and corruption. Behind the idea of urban renewal was a belief that if the government removed people from such places and put them in better places, it would improve not only their lives and their self-image, but also their behavior. This idealistic philosophy became common in America by the end of World War I. IMPORTANCE OF URBAN RENEWAL Urban renewal is critical to the success of local communities and the long-term prosperity of citizens living in urban areas.Without urban renewal, there would be no incentive for developers to tackle the challenges associated with redevelopment, and deteriorating downtown areas would be subject to increase d crime and safety problems, while continued growth on the fringes of communities would add to the problem of urban sprawl. NEED FOR URBAN RENEWAL – Rise in land value – Expansion of service centers – Change in transportation mode – Latest realization of global energy scenario. BENEFITS OF URBAN RENEWALProviding matching funds for money from other sources (such as state or federal grants) Funding infrastructure, which brings additional funds to the community through permit fees, system development charges (SDCs), water and sewer hook? up charges, etc. Increasing the value of property next to the urban renewal district. Improving the quality of life through new or renovated parks, roadways, civic and cultural facilities, and expanded economic development OBJECTIVES OF URBAN RENEWAL – To eliminate sub optimal uses To create conditions for efficient and economic use of scarce and costly urban infrastructure. – To improve the efficiency of urban system – To reduce social cost of urban development and arrange for cross financing Urban renewal also took hold in medium sized cities, many of which used urban renewal laws to pay for public housing, new bridges, and new thoroughfares. There was a time when the phrase â€Å"urban renewal† was a popular one. But today it often carries a negative connotation, regardless of the truth, however, urban renewal did a lot to change cities.Chicago's now demolished Cabrini-Green housing project, one of many urban renewal efforts. Issue: -Cities unfortunately with some exceptions, have not been enabled to look inward and build on their inherent capacities, both financial and technical, and instead are still being seen in many states as ‘wards’ of the State governments. -A major failure of city governance has been our inability to address the needs of the poor – basic services like drinking water supply, sanitation, housing and social services are not availa ble to an increasing share of urban population. The latent creativity and vitality of our cities and the people who live in them must be tapped to facilitate higher economic growth. -Substantially upgrade the delivery of basic and other urban services which are in bad state. -Understand the cost and impact of providing poor basic services in the urban areas, so that efficient services can be planned. -Plan for generating gainful employment opportunities and environmental safeguarding adopting community centered approach.Provide opportunities and funds for capacity building, skill development, vocational training, and flow of micro- credit. -The Development Commission (PDC) uses urban renewal as a tool to help specific areas of the city realize capital projects – parks, streetscape improvements, community centers, and the like that would not happen on their own. A house in Nashville before urban renewal URBAN RENEWAL SCHEMES Components of Urban Renewal: – Urban redevelo pment – Urban Rehabilitation – Conservation: – Preservation – Rebuilding – Reuse – Replication Urban renewal funds can be used for . . .Infrastructure (including such basic improvements as curbs and sidewalks, streets, sewers, flood control, and utility relocation and improvement) Public improvements (such as parks and open space, pedestrian and bike trails, landscaping and streetscaping, parking lots and parking structures, transportation improvements, helping to construct public buildings and facilities) In certain cases, redevelopment assistance for housing or commercial uses (such as land acquisition and site preparation or other public improvements) Planning and engineering (such as design, traffic and engineering studies); technical assistance to property owners and developers, and staff support from the renewal agency SITE SELECTION – Should be around or within prime location – Should intervene problem areas – Lan d should be easily available – Utility plan showing linkages with offsite infrastructure – Landscape proposals SEQUENCE OF PROJECT FORMULATION – Preparation of survey maps. Types of survey maps are: -Tourism map – 1:100000 – City map – 1:50000 – Police station map : 1:63366 ( 1† to a mile) Revenue survey map : 1:600 (plot size and built up spaces) – Identification of project area and influence area – Conduct field survey to collect socio economic data – Land maps, land holding pattern, building height , building edge etc. – Traffic information – Utility services – Financial status – Scheme/ concept preparation – Land use distribution – Future built form – Circulation plan EXECUTION OF THE SCHEME – Land acquisition – Payment of compensation – Construction of rehabilitation structures – Clearance of site and site development – Removal of under-gound utilities and relaying of utilities – Development of roads and other open areasWhen the site is ready for construction , it is either leased out to promoters or Development authorities themselves start the construction. The urban renewal of a state capital involves: Working: The basic idea behind urban renewal is simple: future tax revenues pay for revitalization efforts. The City Council, acting on the recommendations of a community based steering committee and PDC, draws a line around an area (the urban renewal boundary) and identifies desirable improvements within that area (the urban renewal plan). The city issues urban renewal bonds to pay for the identified improvements. As property values increase in the area due to new investment, the rise in property tax revenues (called â€Å"tax increment†) is used to pay off the urban renewal bonds.This financing method is called tax-increment financing, and it is the most common method of paying for improvements in an urban renewal area. Kind of projects : Urban renewal funds can be used for a variety of capital investments, such as: Redevelopment projects, such as projects near light rail that combine retail and residential components. Economic development strategies, such as small-business loans or loan programs tied to family-wage jobs. Housing loans and other financial tools for ownership and rental housing which serve a variety of income levels. Streetscape improvements, including new lighting, trees, sidewalks, pedestrian amenities, etc. Transportation enhancements, including light rail, streetcar, intersection improvements, etc. Parks and open spaces.Roots of urban renewal : Urban renewal emerged in the late 1940s as an attempt to revitalize central cities, which were losing population and resources to new post-war suburbs. Until the 1960s, urban renewal was a federal program used to clear large areas of land largely to provide what was then considered to be improved hou sing conditions for thousands of people. It also funded large projects such as hospitals, highways and civic centers. The funding mechanisms and purposes of urban renewal changed in its early decades, but the term broadly referred to a set of programs and policies meant to counter inner-city disinvestment and reinvigorate declining downtown areas. Criteria : Urban renewal areas must show evidence of some degree of blight, demonstrated by conditions such as poorly constructed buildings, faulty planning, lack of open spaces, deteriorated properties, an incompatible mix of uses and improper utilization of land. -Urban renewal areas, their principles and the specific projects funded by them are conceived in consultation with citizen committees who represent a broad spectrum of community interests. In addition, three public bodies must approve any new urban renewal area: the Portland Development Commission, the Portland Planning Commission, and City Council. -In urban renewal areas, publ ic investment is used to stimulate private investment on a much larger scale.The amount of urban renewal funds invested in any one area is small compared to the private investment that follows. -Urban renewal is primarily used to update and improve an area's infrastructure — through capital expenditures on transportation improvements and parks for example — and to provide incentives for desired development such as affordable housing, family-wage jobs and building refurbishment. -Urban renewal is designed to benefit all people within the urban renewal area, in surrounding neighborhoods and throughout the city and metropolitan area. -The urban renewal plan, which guides all public spending in the area, is conceived by citizens who are best able to make decisions about how to improve their neighborhood. Urban renewal can be a strong and effective tool to protect long-term affordability in revitalizing neighborhoods by financing the construction of affordable housing. -Urb an renewal works to revitalize communities within the existing built environment. -Promote livelihood opportunities through skill building and enhancement of entrepreneurship. Enable public private partnership arrangement covering infrastructure development and service delivery. -The realization of the overall programme goal of improving the quality of life for all is possible only through the framework of long term development plan, replacing the narrow project based approach.